Howard Gardner with his theory of multiple intelligence has a profound impact on thinking and practice in education not only in the United States, but to different parts of the world. Particularly in setting curriculum that ultimately requires a big change from the classical curriculum to the curriculum in accordance with various domains of intelligence.
The presence of multiple intelligences theory pioneered by Howard Gardner, the first, most felt by the world, that intelligence is not just the view from one angle only, eventually the perpetrators of education need to review about intelligence previously considered too simple. Second, Gardner has provided a great contribution, especially in the areas of education that the understanding of human intelligence is multiple, the more expanded study of human intelligence, especially that most important of these is that we can appreciate each individual as human beings who share the same uniqueness and intelligence, respectively. It is increasingly placing position students as subjects in learning activities. Third, Gardner's theory has opened the eyes of educators, that education measures should be tailored to each individual child, with the talent of intelligence in the possession of students. Because every child with the assumption that intelligence is different, which certainly has implications for different needs as well. One example, perhaps one child has a talent for making speeches, but on the other children would have more artistic talent, so this theory has provided many places for educators to understand a children with a wide view.
Like Gardner once said:
"I want my children to understand the world, but not just because the world is interesting and the human mind. I want them to understand that they will be positioned to make it a better place. Knowledge does not equal morality, but we need to understand if we are to avoid past mistakes and moving in a productive direction. An important part of it is our understanding that know and what we can do ... Finally, we must bring together an understanding for ourselves. (Howard Gardner 1999: 180-181).
Performance is trying to understand things we do as human beings are not perfect in the world can affect us to do good or bad. " (Howard Gardner 1999: 180-181)
The theory of multiple intelligences has changed the face of education:
At the peak of Psychometric and behaviorist era, it was commonly believed that intelligence is inherited single entity, and that human beings - initially a blank slate - can be trained to learn anything, provided it was delivered in an appropriate manner, it considers that adults have absolute power to determine the future of children, but never saw that, more important is the child is given the discretion to determine their own future. With the increasing number of results of research on intelligence, found that there are a lot of intelligence, quite independently of one another, each intelligence has different strengths and constraints, which thus has become innate in every child from birth, and that the new hard to apply the things that are contradictory in a domain matching the strength and intelligence. (Gardner 1993).
Howard Gardner on Multiple views Intelligences
Howard Gardner's view of intelligence as the ability to solve problems or produce products valued in one or more role in culture (Gardner & Hatch, 1989). He uses eight criteria to wit, in this case can be seen that the theory of multiple intelligences other than visits from the amount of intelligence, is also seen as the human ability to be able to participate in the life and culture with different ability to be able to resolve the problem:
Howard Gardner initially, to formulate a list of seven intelligences. then added to the area of art or musical intelligence, and the last is what is called Howard Gardner as intrapersonal intelligence (Gardner 1999: 41-43).
- Linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity pronunciation and writing the language, the ability to learn languages, and the ability to use language in order to communicate and interact, and achieve certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express themselves, and language as a means to remember information, communication. In this case the examplize like intelligence had by the writer, poet, lawyer and speaker, among those who viewed by Howard Gardner as a man who holds a high linguistic intelligence.
- Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the ability to analyze problems logically, perform mathematical operations, and investigate problems scientifically. According to Howard Gardner, including the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically thinking. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking.
- Musical intelligence involves skill performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. This includes the ability to recognize, and then use the music, tone, and rhytme. Including the ability to appreciate feelings into a song and movement. Of course, many examples of people who have this intelligence, such as singers, artists, and others.
- Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence, the potential for using one of the whole body or body parts to solve the problem. He is the ability to use mental ability to coordinate body movements, or like the ability in controlling motor coordination, as Howard Gardner's view of mental and physical as related activities.
- Spatial intelligence involves the potential to recognize and use patterns and the wider region of space is limited, the ability of imagination, the ability to visualize the state of mind.
- Interpersonal intelligence, the capacity to understand the goals, motivations and desires of others. This allows people to work effectively with others, the ability to lobby. In this case, intrapersonal intelligence can be found on the educators, salespeople, clergy and political leaders, all have well developed inter-intelligence.
- Intrapersonal intelligence, the capacity to understand ourselves, to appreciate the feelings, fears and motivations. In the view of Howard Gardner, including a model of effective self-employed, and can use information to organize our lives.
in thought to carry away the framework of Howard Gardner's personal intelligences' as a part of. " Because this is the closest in cultural associations, they are often linked together. However, he still believes that sensible thinking is a form of personal intelligence. Gardner stated that the seven intelligences rarely operate independently. Used at the same time and tend to complement each other or develop problem-solving skills.
Howard Gardner with multiple intelligences theory has not been readily accepted at first in the world of psychology. However, he gained a lot of support and positive responses from educators or education. and policy makers to the problem of school. A number of schools in North America make the structure the curriculum according to intelligences, and designing school classrooms to reflect the understanding of the theory of Howard Gardner. This theory can also be found in the use of pre-school, higher education, including vocational education.
With an understanding of multiple intelligences, among the seven types of intelligence will make the seven ways to teach, this will be better than one way, at the time of discharge has not intelligences multiple theories. And as references (systems thinking) with the approach most likely that children can learn. A researcher has suggested, that has identified a number of reasons why teachers and policymakers in North America responds positively to the presentation view of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences. them is that:
"This theory is confirmed educators in everyday experience: students think and learn in different ways. He also provides educators with a conceptual framework for organizing and reflecting on curriculum assessment and pedagogical practices. On the contrary, this reflection has many educators to develop new approaches that might better meet the needs of different learners in the classroom. "
From the results of Gardner's theory is then, that educators need to find a formulation in accordance with the design requirements of individual intelligence talent. The curriculum needs to be adjusted with the level of each domain, uniformity of service in the old curriculum applicable, need to then be able to serve all the possibilities that occur for each intelligence, both in the planning, implementation and evaluation. For example in the evaluation, we can not judge it only from the standpoint of, for example, cognitive intelligence, because the other children who are sometimes weak in that, but it is superior to the intelligence of its response to nature, or in Gardner's intelligences called naturalistic intelligence.
With these assumptions, such as the school became a full minister in meeting each individual's needs are different. Not all individuals in the same averaged.
Then, if additional intelligences?
Since Howard Gardner initially issued an advisory opinion concerning multiple intelligences in Frames of Mind (1983), there is much debate about the possible presence of intelligence of others to be included in multiple intelligences. After doing research of the seven intelligences are released so that the intelligence domain plus two to nine intelligences. Multiple intelligences as we know today, are as follows:
- Naturalist intelligence, enabling humans to recognize, share and generate some existing features on the environment or the universe.
- Spiritual Intelligence, for example around the 'content' spiritual intelligence of nature, and privileges, claims relating to the value of truth.
- Intelligence spiritual appear especially in the countries who lives his religion was strong.
Is there sufficient empirical evidence to support the concept of Howard Gardner? General critique of Howard Gardner's work is that the strength in the crutch that theory is not strong research. For the moment no one tried to do through a series of tests to identify and measure a variety of intelligence.
Conclusion
Although there may be some questions and important issues about the views of Howard Gardner's ideas about multiple intelligences, but somehow he has helped the workings of education. It has helped a large number of educators to encourage them to see not a narrow domain of intelligence, curriculum, and tests. Then from the results of this theory, has come to view children as a great person, who needs to give big awards, not only as a person who is only determined by the absolute adults. Howard Gardner's view of the theory of multiple intelligences has helped educators to reflect on practice, and they provided a basis for expanding their focus and attend to what might help people to live their lives, then at least be considered something that has provided benefits in the educational world order .
Reference
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Developed by Dedi Haryono, M.Pd. from the writings of Mark K. Smith 2002, 2008.
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