A. Background Problem
In principle, every child's growth. In general, the experts divide development into three major aspects of physical aspects, cognitive aspects, psychosocial aspects. But in preschool education development program in Indonesia is divided into six aspects of the development aspects (moral, religious values, physical, language, cognitive, social, emotional and artistic). Aspects of these developments are interconnected and influence each other. Socio-emotional development is one of the important developments in children because every child has the social-emotional development vary.

 

A child will be successful in life not because of good grades at school. Children who have good emotional social skills, will enable children to easily adapt themselves well to the environment of his childhood life can enjoy and be able to become adults with good adaptability.

B. Discussion
1. Emotional development
Syamsudidin (1990: 69) Emotion is a complex situation and shakes the soul (a complex feeling state and stid up) that accompany the behaviors, the World Book Dictonary (1994: 690) defined emotional "strong feelings" (hate, fear, anger , happy, sad) as the depiction of emotions. Goleman (1945: 411) states that emotions refer to a feeling or thoughts typically, a state of biological and psychological as well as a series of tendencies to act. From the above definition of emotion is a complex situation can be a feeling or vibration of the soul that is marked by biological changes that arise with the occurrence of a behavior.

2. Social development
According to Plato, potentially (nature) humans are born as social (zoon politicon), while according to Syamsuddin (1995: 105), socialization is the process of learning to become social beings, Lorce (1970: 86) Socialization is a process to train the child's sensitivity to social stimuli , learn to interact with behave like everyone else in their social environment. Muhibin (1999: 35) social development is a process of personal formation in the social community of self. Hurlock (1978: 250) social development is the acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with the guidance of social (social norms, social expectations and values).

E. Distinctive Social Emotional Development of Children
Social development is always influenced by the child's emotional maturity in children that has characteristics that are different from adults. Emotion is due to encouragement of a situation or event. After the senses (eyes) received a stimulus from the outside will be forwarded to the brain as the nerve center, and then translated and processed by the brain stimulus and spread back to other parts of the body so that physiological changes can be observed on the area and other hormonal changes, which will be interpreted on an emotional reaction.
The characteristics of emotional reactions in children include:

 

1. A very strong emotional reaction
For children of all events are interesting and amazing. All events are very significant value for children, because there is no event that is considered modest by the child.
2. Emotional reactions easily change from one condition to the condition
Child's emotional reaction is easy to change and easy to switch if there is something new, more attractive his attention and forget the previous events.

3. Individual emotional reactions
Although the event triggers the same emotions, but every child is different in react to it. This is due experience gained from the environment each child is different so that cause emotional reactions that are shown are also different.
4. Emotional reactions can be identified with the behavior displayed
Basically, all the kids express their emotions more easily through the attitudes and behavior. Such as daydreaming, sucking fingers, restlessness, difficulty speaking. If we discover such phenomena, it is understood that the child whereas emotional changes.

In addition to experiencing emotional development, early childhood also experienced social development, in which the social development of each individual follow a normal pattern, that pattern is not the same for every child. All children take their socialization phase - each with a characteristic - different traits.
Feature socialization preschool period are as follows:
1. Making social contact with people outside his home.
2. Preage.
Preschool age group have not followed the true meaning of socialization, they begin to learn to adjust to the social environment.
3. Relationships with adults
Children are always trying to communicate with adults attract both parents and teachers.
4. Relationships with friends the same age.
5. cooperative play (playing together)
Children seemed to be chatting during play, choose a friend to play, reducing hostile behavior.

Snowman in Patmonodewo (1995: 29) revealed features of the social behavior of preschool children as follows:
• generally have one or two companions, usually quick to change friends.
• Groups tend to play small groups so the groups alternated.
• Children are less likely to observe greater.
• play patterns vary according to social class and gender.
• disputes often occurred but for a moment and then making up.
Hurlock (1978) suggested several patterns of behavior in social situations in early childhood as follows:
• Cooperation
• Competition

• The desire for social acceptance
• Sympathy
• Empathy
• Addiction
• Attitude friendly
• Mimic
• Attachment Behavior

C. Factors Affecting Social and Emotional Development of Children.
Social emotional development of preschoolers is not always stable, there are times when a child can easily interact with their environment and there are times they also have difficulties or even failure in interacting with their environment. So also in the development of emotions, sometimes happy and once when they were disappointed. Many factors affect the development, both from within or from outside the child's own children. According to Setiawan (1995) Development of preschool children affected by:

2. Circumstances within the individual self.
Individual circumstances of the children, such as disability or lack of self-will greatly affect the child's emotional development, will even further influence on self children. For example: low self-esteem, irritability, or withdraw from environment.

3. The conflicts in the process of development.
Each child underwent through various conflicts in the development phases, which generally can be passed successfully. But if children can not observe these conflicts, usually experience emotional disturbances.

4. The causes that originated from the environment.
• Family is first and foremost environment for child development. Family is very functional in instilling the basics of emotional experience, because there the first experience obtained by the child. The family is the institution's growth and early learning (learning and growing) that can lead children toward further growth and learning. Parenting styles that derived from the child's family will greatly affect the emotional development of children.
• The environment surrounding
Surrounding environmental conditions will greatly influence children's behavior and personal and emotional development of children. Various stimulus of environment encourage children in its expression. Acceptable levels of stimulus that the child will affect frequency and intensity of expression from the children themselves.
• School Environment
The school environment can also affect the child's emotional development and personality. The failure of adaptation in the school environment is very influential on the development of children's emotions.

Soetarno (1989) The main factors influencing the social development of children, family environment and outside the family environment. Hurlock (1978) devised the initial experience factor they received the child, namely:
1. Family environmental factors.
The family is the first social groups in social life of children, where children first learned to pay attention to the desires and behavior of family members. Interactions within the family determine the attitude and behavior toward others.
There are three things that affect the social development of children in the family environment, namely:
• socioeconomic status families
Family socioeconomic status children fulfilled most likely get more opportunities to develop various kinds of social interaction compared with the economic status of families who lack adequate.
• The integrity of the family
not intact family generally inhibits social development and abilities of children.
• Attitudes and habits of parents
Parents as role models in the family affects interact atmosphere in the family and can stimulate the development of the child's personality, so it is very important for parents to be able to provide a good example not have a negative impact on social behavior of children.

2. Factors outside the home.
Early social experiences outside the home complement the experience in the home and is an important determinant of social attitudes and behavior of children.

3. Factors influence early social experience.
The research found that Waldrop and Halyerson sociability children at age 2.5 years can be used to predict sociability  at the age of 7.5 years. Strength of early social behavior as a pattern of behavior that tends to remain able to influence children's behavior in social situations next. Therefore, early social experiences children should be facilitated by positive social situations and environments and can be accepted by a broad. Consistency in facilitating sustainable social behavior will form a permanent pattern of positive behavior and become a valuable provision for the child to adapt to other environments.


D. Social and Emotional Development of Linkages with Other Development
1. Physical development
Table the effect of emotions on physical changes
Emotion Type Physical Changes
a. Enchanted
b. Angry
c. Shocked
d. Disappointed
e. Sick or angry
f. Afraid or tense
g. Fear
h. Electrical reactions on the skin taut
It accelerates the blood circulation
Heartbeat
Long breathing
Enlarged pupils
The saliva dries up
Standing goose
Disturbed digestion, muscles tense and trembling (tremor)

Emotions have an important role for social acceptance in everyday life can be captured from the expression on someone's face. Pleasant emotions will radiate a beautiful expression on someone's face.
According to Joseph Syamsu (2000) also affects the emotional development and motor skills a person or a child. Emotional tension can interfere with work and fine motor skills, so that emotions can be viewed as an introduction and initial determinant of the readiness of the body to act. In motor talk, can cause interference to talk like a stutter (which does not speak clearly). In other motor, such as sitting, walking and standing became blocked, the child is more awkward and clumsy compared with their peers.

2. Mental development
Lack of or delay in emotional social development will affect the direction and condition of the child's mental development and vice versa. Hurlock (1978) suggests that emotions can influence and interfere with mental activities because of mental activity (such as concentration, memory, reasoning) are very easily influenced by strong emotions. Children will produce performance below their intellectual abilities when they are emotionally disturbed.
• When children are doing activities to learn and are experiencing emotional stress sometimes emotionally unstable, it will disrupt the child's concentration. The bigger the negative emotion, it will be increasingly difficult to restore itself at a concentration of activity, even at certain levels can lead to the same child can not concentrate properly in doing activity.
• Influence of emotion will result in weakening the ability of memory (recall): further can result in not able to remember all the things that have been studied and memorized before. Mustaffa (2000) believes that children who experience tension and followed by the stress will reduce the ability to remember up to 80%.
3. Psychological development
Psychological effects of emotional stress will impact on attitudes, interests and other psychological effects of socializing, such as impatience, irritability or denial.

E. Cover
Based on the explanation above, the author describes about the emotional social development in humans, especially early childhood have significant linkages with other developments in the child's own self. Children who have good emotional social skills, are most likely going to be happy and successful in his live.
To get the maximum emotional social development is very important for parents, educators, teachers to accompany the process of social development toward the child's emotional development in accordance with the duties, so that can give birth to the generations that have the expected emotional social intelligence world.

Reference

Nugraha, Ali. 2008. Metode Pengembangan Sosial Emosional Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta : UT

www.wikepidea.com
Sugeng, Santoso. 2007. Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Taman Kanak-kanak.Jakarta
Hurlock, Elizabet B.1980. Psikologi Perkembangan. Bandung: Erlangga

 

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